Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Set Theory: set theory is the system of rules and axioms, which regulates the formation of sets. The elements are exclusively numbers. Sets contain individual objects, that is, numbers as elements. Furthermore, sets contain sub-sets, that is, again sets of elements. The set of all sub-sets of a set is called the power set. Each set contains the empty set as a subset, but not as an element. The size of sets is called the cardinality. Sets containing the same elements are identical. See also comprehension, comprehension axiom, selection axiom, infinity axiom, couple set axiom, extensionality principle._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Paul Lorenzen on Set Theory - Dictionary of Arguments
Berka I 269 Inductive Definition/Set Theory/LorenzenVsSet Theory: For example, an inductive definition of a set M by a(y) › y ε M, x ε M u b(x,y) › y ε M whereby a (x) and b(x,y) are already defined formulas in which M does not occur, is "explained" set theoretically that M should be the average of all sets N satisfying these implications with N instead of M. Lorenzen: whoever wants to defend a claim n ε M (sic) will hardly attempt all these sets N. As P, he will rather defend O against either directly a(n), or he will first give an m which he will defend b (m, n) and m ∈ M. >Dialogical logic. Step number/Lorenzen: in order to determine this procedure as the the dialogical sense of the inductive definition of M, we must also require of P to indicate the number of steps required for complete proof for each assertion of the form x ∈ M. >Step number. E.g. suppose, for example, he traces n ε M back to the assertion m ∈ M and has stated the step number v for n ε M... I 270 ...so he must specify a step number μ ‹ v for m ε M. Without such information, P could assert "smaller" ‹ for the integers in the following inductive definition 0 ‹ y for positive numbers y x ‹ y _› x +/ 1 ‹ y +/ 1 e.g. 1 ‹ 0, and begin a "proof" with the aid of 0 ‹ 1, 1 ‹ 2, 2 ‹ 3 .... Of course, the proof could not be finished, but O could not prove this. Dialogical logic/Lorenzen: in these dialogues, it is never permitted to intervene suddenly in the "free speech" of the opponent. If, on the other hand, P has to specify a step number v, he will have lost his assertion at the latest after v steps. Step number: the steps are, of course, natural numbers. If one wants to give infinite inductive definitions, i.e. such with an infinite number of premisses, a dialogical meaning, one must allow transfinite ordinal numbers as the step numbers. Inductive Definition/LorenzenVsHerbrand: For example, a function sequence f1, f2 ... is already defined and the induction scheme a(y) › y ε M (x)fx(y) ε M › y ε M is adressed. This definition is by no means "impredicative". >Imprecativeness. But it is also not really constructive either. We have infinitely many premises here f1 (y) ∈ M, f2 (y) ε M ... which are necessary to prove y ∈ M. Infinite: in dialogue one cannot defend every premise, one will therefore allow O to select an fm(y) e M. This must then be claimed and defended by P. In addition, P must specify a generally transfinite ordinal number as the step number. Step number: the step number of a premise must always be specified as less than the step number of the conclusion. Winning strategy: of P: must provide the step numbers for all opponent's elections. II. Number-class/second/Lorenzen: set-theoretically one can prove easily the existence of suitable ordinal numbers of the II. number class. One can define transfinite recursion through this: y ε M0 ‹› a(y) y ε Mλ ‹› (x)fx(y) ε Ux x ‹ λ Mx. . Then M = Ul l › μ Ml for a suitable μ and if M is to be a set of natural numbers, μ can be taken from the II. number class. Constructively, if the inductive definition is to be constructive, the ordinal numbers used must also be "constructive". Here it is obvious to limit oneself to the recursive ordinal numbers of Church and Kleene.(1) >Constructivism, >Intuitionism, >Recursion, >Recursivity. 1. P. Lorenzen, Ein dialogisches Konstruktivitätskriterium, in: Infinitistic Methods, (1961), 193-200_____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Lorn I P. Lorenzen Constructive Philosophy Cambridge 1987 Berka I Karel Berka Lothar Kreiser Logik Texte Berlin 1983 |
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> Counter arguments against Lorenzen
> Counter arguments in relation to Set Theory
Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-28